28.12 Influence of the Built Environment on Pedestrian Crossing Safety

Many features of the built environment influence the likelihood of pedestrian-vehicle crashes. Table 28.4 lists some of these factors, their impact on pedestrian crash potential, and countermeasures. Countermeasures are most effective when used in combination.

Table 28.4 Environmental Impacts on Pedestrian Crashes and Potential Countermeasures
Environmental Factor	Effect on Pedestrian Crash Potential	Countermeasures
Pedestrian Volume	More pedestrians create greater pedestrian exposure to traffic	Install sidewalks Right-turn-on-red restrictions Leading pedestrian interval Curb extensions Pedestrian overpass or underpass
Number of Pedestrian Crossings	More crossings reduce crash potential at the individual and collective levels
Mainline Traffic Volume	Greater pedestrian exposure at higher traffic volumes	Corridor-wide traffic calming Road reconfiguration
Right-Turn Only Lanes	More right-turn only lanes increase pedestrian exposure to turning vehicles. Motorists may have their line of sight blocked.	Right-turn-on-red restrictions
Non-Residential Driveways Near Intersection	Higher driveway density increases pedestrian exposure	Install raised medians to prohibit left turns to and from driveways Small driveway entrance radii Install channelized islands to separate inbound and outbound movements Minimize driveway width Provide sidewalks with clear sightlines Access management
Commercial Properties Near Intersection	Mainline Traffic Volume
Bus Stops	Higher bus stop density increases the number of pedestrians waiting near traffic and blocks motorists from seeing crossing pedestrians.	Relocate bus stops Curb extension Provide adequate sight distance to bus stops and shelters Install sidewalks to bus stops
Neighborhood Residents Under 18	Children may be less cautious and less attentive. Motorists can have trouble detecting small children.	Corridor-wide traffic calming Dynamic speed feedback signs Install sidewalks
Presence of Median	Medians offer a refuge for crossing pedestrians, reducing their exposure to traffic.	Install raised medians
Presence of Sidewalks	Sidewalks reduce pedestrian exposure by separating them from vehicles.	Install sidewalks Provide wider sidewalks where justified

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